Biology
जीवविज्ञान (कक्षा १२)
Section A Botany: Plant Anatomy, Water Relations, Photosynthesis, Respiration, Plant Hormones, Genetics, Embryology, and Biotechnology. Section B Zoology: Animal Tissues, Developmental Biology, Human Physiology & Health Systems, Diseases, and Applied Zoology.
Prescribed Chapters
Showing 18 LessonsPlant Anatomy (Tissues & Internal Anatomy)
Plant Anatomy (Tissues & Internal Anatomy)
Meristematic and permanent tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, phloem), internal anatomy of dicot and monocot root, stem, and leaf, secondary growth in dicot stems.
Plant Water Relations & Mineral Nutrition
Plant Water Relations & Mineral Nutrition
Diffusion, osmosis, water potential, plasmolysis, ascent of sap (transpiration pull cohesion-tension theory), transpiration mechanism (stomatic opening/closing), essential macronutrients and micronutrients.
Photosynthesis (Light Reaction & Carbon Fixation)
Photosynthesis (Light Reaction & Carbon Fixation)
Photosynthetic pigments, light reaction: non-cyclic and cyclic photophosphorylation (Z-scheme), dark reaction: Calvin cycle (C3 pathway), Hatch-Slack pathway (C4 pathway), photorespiration (C2 cycle), and limiting factors.
Respiration (Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle & ETS)
Respiration (Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle & ETS)
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, glycolysis (EMP pathway), link reaction, Krebs cycle (TCA cycle), Electron Transport System (ETS) and oxidative phosphorylation, respiratory quotient (RQ).
Genetics and Molecular Biology
Genetics and Molecular Biology
Mendel laws of inheritance, dihybrid cross, incomplete dominance, linkage and crossing over, sex determination, DNA double helix, semi-conservative DNA replication, genetic code, transcription, translation.
Embryology of Angiosperms
Embryology of Angiosperms
Microsporogenesis, structure of pollen grain, megasporogenesis, structure of ovule (anatropous), development of female gametophyte (embryo sac), pollination, double fertilization, endosperm development.
Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering
Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering
Recombinant DNA technology (restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, PCR), plant tissue culture techniques (micropropagation, somaclonal variation), biofertilizers, transgenic plants (Bt cotton, golden rice).
Animal Tissues
Animal Tissues
Structure and functions of Epithelial tissue (squamous, cuboidal, columnar, ciliated), Connective tissue (areolar, adipose, bone, cartilage, blood), Muscular tissue (striated, smooth, cardiac), and Nervous tissue (neuron).
Animal Development (Frog Embryology)
Animal Development (Frog Embryology)
Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis and oogenesis), structure of frog egg and sperm, fertilization, cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation (epiboly and emboly), fate map, formation of three germ layers.
Human Digestive and Respiratory Systems
Human Digestive and Respiratory Systems
Digestive anatomy, digestive glands, gastrointestinal enzymes, carbohydrate, protein, and lipid digestion and absorption; Respiratory anatomy, mechanism of breathing, exchange and transport of O2 and CO2, respiratory volumes.
Human Circulatory and Excretory Systems
Human Circulatory and Excretory Systems
Blood groups, heart anatomy, cardiac cycle, ECG, blood pressure regulation; Kidney anatomy, nephron histology, mechanism of urine formation (ultrafiltration, reabsorption, secretion), osmoregulation.
Human Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Human Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, reflex arc, nerve impulse generation and conduction; Endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas), hormone functions and feedback control.
Human Reproductive System & Embryonic Development
Human Reproductive System & Embryonic Development
Male and female reproductive anatomy, spermatogenesis and oogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilization, cleavage and implantation, placenta and embryonic membranes, birth and contraception.
Human Diseases and Immunology
Human Diseases and Immunology
Innate and acquired immunity, antigens and antibodies, vaccination, etiology, symptoms, transmission, and prevention of Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Malaria, HIV/AIDS, and Cancer.
Social Health, Drug Abuse and Addiction
Social Health, Drug Abuse and Addiction
Classification of psychoactive drugs (sedatives, stimulants, hallucinogens, narcotics), alcohol and tobacco abuse, physiological consequences, addiction and rehabilitation strategies.
Applied Zoology (Animal Husbandry & Fish Farming)
Applied Zoology (Animal Husbandry & Fish Farming)
Modern techniques in poultry farming, apiculture (honeybee biology and honey extraction), sericulture (silkworm life cycle and silk rearing), and composite fish culture in Nepal.
Modern Medical Zoology & Reproductive Technologies
Modern Medical Zoology & Reproductive Technologies
Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART): In Vitro Fertilization (IVF / Test-Tube Baby), ZIFT, GIFT, Amniocentesis and ethical issues, organ and tissue transplantation.
Wildlife Conservation & Biodiversity of Nepal
Wildlife Conservation & Biodiversity of Nepal
In-situ and ex-situ conservation, National Parks and Wildlife Reserves in Nepal, endangered flora and fauna (One-horned Rhinoceros, Snow Leopard, Red Panda, Yarsagumba), Ramsar wetlands.