Chemistry
रसायनशास्त्र (कक्षा १२)
Physical Chemistry (Volumetric Analysis, Ionic Equilibrium, Chemical Kinetics, Thermodynamics, Electrochemistry), Inorganic (Transition Elements, Coordination Chemistry, Heavy Metals), Organic Chemistry (Haloalkanes, Alcohols, Carbonyls, Amines, Grignard Reagents), and Applied Chemical Industry in Nepal.
Prescribed Chapters
Showing 18 LessonsVolumetric Analysis
Volumetric Analysis
Primary and secondary standards, molarity, normality, law of chemical equivalence N1 V1 = N2 V2, titration curves, indicators, acid-base and redox titration numericals.
Ionic Equilibrium & Buffer Solutions
Ionic Equilibrium & Buffer Solutions
Ostwald dilution law, pH, pOH, self-ionization of water Kw, buffer solutions, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, solubility product Ksp, and common ion effect in qualitative analysis.
Chemical Kinetics
Chemical Kinetics
Rate of reaction, rate law, rate constant, order and molecularity, integrated rate equations for zero and first-order reactions, half-life, Arrhenius equation and activation energy.
Chemical Thermodynamics & Spontaneity
Chemical Thermodynamics & Spontaneity
Enthalpy of reaction, Hess law of constant heat summation, entropy as a state function, Gibbs free energy ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, criteria for spontaneous processes.
Electrochemistry & Nernst Equation
Electrochemistry & Nernst Equation
Galvanic cells, standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), standard electrode potential, electrochemical series, Nernst equation for half-cell and full cell, commercial batteries and fuel cells.
Transition Metals & Coordination Chemistry
Transition Metals & Coordination Chemistry
General characteristics of d-block transition elements (variable oxidation states, color, catalytic properties, magnetic properties), coordination compounds, ligands, Werner theory, IUPAC nomenclature.
Metallurgy & Heavy Metals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Ag, Hg)
Metallurgy & Heavy Metals (Cu, Zn, Fe, Ag, Hg)
Extraction of Copper from copper pyrites, Zinc from zinc blende, Iron from haematite (blast furnace), Silver from argentite (cyanide process), Mercury from cinnabar; important compounds and tests.
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes (SN1 & SN2 Mechanisms)
Haloalkanes and Haloarenes (SN1 & SN2 Mechanisms)
Nucleophilic substitution mechanisms SN1 and SN2, stereochemistry (inversion vs racemization), elimination reactions (Saytzeff rule), chloroform preparation, haloarenes (electrophilic substitution).
Alcohols and Phenols
Alcohols and Phenols
Classification, distinction between 1°, 2°, 3° alcohols (Victor Meyer test, Lucas test), fermentation of ethanol, acidity of phenols vs alcohols, Kolbe reaction, Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
Ethers
Ethers
Nomenclature, Williamson ether synthesis mechanism, physical properties, chemical reactions with cold and hot HI, cleavage of asymmetrical ethers, formation of peroxides.
Aldehydes and Ketones (Aldol, Cannizzaro, Carbonyls)
Aldehydes and Ketones (Aldol, Cannizzaro, Carbonyls)
Carbonyl group nucleophilic addition, distinction between aldehydes and ketones (Tollens test, Fehling test, iodoform test), Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Clemmensen and Wolff-Kishner reductions.
Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives
Structure, resonance, acidity comparison (electron donating vs withdrawing groups), reactions of carboxylic acids, preparation and relative reactivities of acyl chlorides, anhydrides, esters, and amides.
Nitro Compounds
Nitro Compounds
Preparation of nitroalkanes and nitrobenzene, reduction of nitro compounds under acidic (Fe/HCl), neutral (Zn/NH4Cl), and basic (glucose/NaOH) conditions, electrophilic substitution of nitrobenzene.
Amines and Diazonium Salts
Amines and Diazonium Salts
Classification, basicity of aliphatic and aromatic amines, Hofmann bromamide degradation reaction, distinction between 1°, 2°, 3° amines (Hinsberg test, HNO2 test), diazotization, Sandmeyer and coupling reactions.
Organometallic Compounds (Grignard Reagents)
Organometallic Compounds (Grignard Reagents)
Preparation of Grignard reagent R-Mg-X in dry ether, organometallic nucleophilic character, synthetic applications (preparation of alkanes, 1°, 2°, 3° alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones).
Polymers and Synthetic Fibers
Polymers and Synthetic Fibers
Addition and condensation polymerization, natural and synthetic rubbers, vulcanization, preparation of Nylon 6,6, Bakelite, polythene, PVC, Teflon, biodegradable polymers (PHBV).
Dyes, Drugs and Agrochemicals
Dyes, Drugs and Agrochemicals
Chromophore-auxochrome theory of color, classification of dyes, pharmaceutical chemistry (antipyretics, analgesics: paracetamol, aspirin; antibiotics: penicillin; antacids), pesticides and fertilizers.
Cement and Chemical Industries in Nepal
Cement and Chemical Industries in Nepal
Raw materials for cement manufacturing (limestone, clay), rotary kiln manufacturing process, setting and hardening of cement, paper and pulp industry, soap and detergent manufacturing.