Physics
भौतिकशास्त्र (कक्षा १२)
Comprehensive study of Mechanics (Rotational Dynamics, SHM, Fluid Dynamics), Heat & Thermodynamics (1st & 2nd Laws, Carnot, Entropy), Waves & Optics (Interference, Diffraction, Polarization, Doppler Effect), Electricity & Magnetism (Kirchhoff, Biot-Savart, Ampere, AC & LCR Resonance), and Modern Physics (Photoelectric Effect, Bohr Model, Radioactivity, Semiconductors).
Prescribed Chapters
Showing 22 LessonsRotational Dynamics
Rotational Dynamics
Equations of angular motion, moment of inertia, radius of gyration, torque and angular acceleration, rotational kinetic energy, angular momentum and its conservation, work and power in rotational motion.
Periodic Motion & Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
Periodic Motion & Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
Differential equation of SHM, velocity and acceleration, kinetic and potential energy, simple pendulum, vertical oscillations of coiled spring, angular SHM, damped and forced oscillations, and resonance.
Fluid Statics and Dynamics
Fluid Statics and Dynamics
Surface tension, angle of contact, capillarity and ascent formula, Newton formula for viscosity, Stokes law, terminal velocity, Poiseuille formula, equation of continuity, and Bernoulli theorem.
First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic systems, indicator P-V diagrams, First Law dQ = dU + PdV, molar heat capacities Cp - Cv = R, isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic processes, adiabatic equation PV^γ = constant, work done calculations.
Second Law of Thermodynamics & Heat Engines
Second Law of Thermodynamics & Heat Engines
Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements, reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot cycle and efficiency η = 1 - T₂/T₁, Otto and Diesel internal combustion cycles, refrigerators and COP, entropy.
Wave Motion
Wave Motion
Progressive wave equation y = A sin(ωt ± kx), phase velocity, principle of superposition, formation of stationary/standing waves, nodes and antinodes.
Mechanical Waves & Speed of Sound
Mechanical Waves & Speed of Sound
Speed of transverse and longitudinal waves, Newton formula for velocity of sound in gases and Laplace correction v = √(γP/ρ), factors affecting speed of sound (temperature, humidity, pressure).
Waves in Pipes and Strings
Waves in Pipes and Strings
Modes of vibration in open and closed organ pipes, harmonics and overtones, end correction e = 0.3d, resonance tube experiment, transverse waves on stretched strings v = √(T/μ), laws of vibration.
Acoustic Phenomena & Doppler Effect
Acoustic Phenomena & Doppler Effect
Sound intensity and pressure amplitude, intensity level in decibels β = 10 log(I/I₀), musical sound vs noise, pitch and timbre, beats phenomenon, Doppler effect in sound for moving source and observer.
Nature & Propagation of Light (Wave Optics)
Nature & Propagation of Light (Wave Optics)
Huygens wave theory, reflection and refraction wavefronts, Young double slit interference β = λD/d, coherent sources, single slit Fraunhofer diffraction and diffraction grating, Brewster law and polarization.
Electrical Circuits & Kirchhoff's Laws
Electrical Circuits & Kirchhoff's Laws
Kirchhoff current and voltage laws (KCL & KVL), Wheatstone bridge condition P/Q = R/S, meter bridge, potentiometer for EMF comparison and internal resistance determination, superconductors, conversion of galvanometer to ammeter and voltmeter.
Thermoelectric Effects
Thermoelectric Effects
Seebeck effect, thermoelectric series, neutral temperature and inversion temperature, Peltier effect, Thomson effect, thermopile construction and applications.
Magnetic Field & Force on Currents
Magnetic Field & Force on Currents
Lorentz force F = q(v × B), magnetic force on current-carrying conductor F = I(l × B), torque on rectangular coil, moving coil galvanometer, Biot-Savart law and applications (straight wire, circular coil, solenoid), Ampere circuital law, parallel currents.
Magnetic Properties of Materials & Hysteresis
Magnetic Properties of Materials & Hysteresis
Magnetic susceptibility and permeability, diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic materials, Curie law, magnetic hysteresis loop (retentivity, coercivity, hysteresis loss), selection of magnetic cores.
Electromagnetic Induction & Motional EMF
Electromagnetic Induction & Motional EMF
Faraday laws of induction, Lenz law, motional EMF E = Blv, eddy currents and damping, self-inductance L and mutual inductance M, energy stored in inductor U = 1/2 LI², AC generator principle.
Alternating Currents & LCR Circuits
Alternating Currents & LCR Circuits
Peak and RMS values, AC through pure R, pure L, and pure C, series LCR circuit, phasor diagrams, impedance Z, series electrical resonance, quality factor (Q-factor), power factor, and choke coils.
Electrons & Specific Charge (e/m)
Electrons & Specific Charge (e/m)
Milikan oil drop experiment for charge quantisation, Thomson experiment for specific charge (e/m) of electron, motion of charged particle in crossed electric and magnetic fields, gaseous discharge.
Photons & Photoelectric Effect
Photons & Photoelectric Effect
Quantum nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect observations, Einstein photoelectric equation hf = φ + 1/2 mv²_max, threshold frequency, stopping potential, determination of Planck constant.
Semiconductor Devices & Logic Gates
Semiconductor Devices & Logic Gates
Energy bands in solids, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, P-N junction diode under forward and reverse bias, half-wave and full-wave rectification, Zener diode as voltage regulator, logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR).
Quantization of Energy & Atomic Spectra
Quantization of Energy & Atomic Spectra
Bohr postulates of hydrogen atom, radius and energy of stationary orbits, hydrogen spectral series (Lyman, Balmer, Paschen, Brackett, Pfund), de Broglie wavelength λ = h/mv, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, X-rays and Bragg law, Laser principles.
Radioactivity & Nuclear Reactions
Radioactivity & Nuclear Reactions
Alpha, beta, and gamma properties, radioactive decay law N = N₀ e^(-λt), half-life T_1/2 = 0.693/λ and mean life, activity of radioactive substance, mass defect and nuclear binding energy, nuclear fission and fusion.
Recent Trends in Physics & Seismology
Recent Trends in Physics & Seismology
Seismology: P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves, earthquake epicenter and magnitude, Gorkha earthquake 2072 context; Gravitational waves; Nanotechnology; Higgs Boson and the Standard Model.